1.Gusobanura moteri zihoraho za moteri hamwe nimpamvu zitwara inganda

Hariho ubwoko bwinshi, hamwe nuburyo bworoshye nubunini. Ukurikije imikorere ya moteri, moteri ya magneti ihoraho irashobora kugabanywa muburyo butatu: amashanyarazi ya magneti ahoraho, moteri ihoraho, hamwe na sensor ya signal ya rukuruzi. Muri byo, moteri ya magneti ihoraho igabanijwemo cyane cyane, DC, nintambwe.

1) Imashini ihoraho ya moteri ikora:

Imiterere ya stator hamwe nihame ryakazi bihuye nibya moteri gakondo ya AC idahwitse. Bitewe nibikorwa byinshi kandi bikora neza, byateye imbere byihuse mumyaka yashize, buhoro buhoro bisimbuza moteri gakondo ya AC idahwitse, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byo gutangiza inganda, ibikoresho byimashini, icapiro, imyenda, ubuvuzi nizindi nzego.

2) Imashini ihoraho ya moteri ya DC:

Ihame ryakazi nuburyo bisa nibya moteri gakondo ya DC. Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo kugenda, birashobora kugabanywa gusunikwa (gukanika imashini) no kutagira brush (komisiyo ya elegitoroniki). Ikoreshwa cyane mumodoka, amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo murugo nibindi bice.

3) Moteri ihoraho ya moteri:

Ikoresha imikoranire hagati yumurongo wa magneti ikorwa na magneti ahoraho hamwe numuzenguruko wa magneti uzunguruka wakozwe na stator kugirango ugere ku ntambwe nyayo. Ifite ibyiza byo kwisobanura neza, umuvuduko wihuse, hamwe no kuzigama ingufu, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bisobanutse, imirongo itanga umusaruro, ibikoresho byubuvuzi nibindi bice.

1.1 Impamvu zo gutwara

1.1.1 Uruhande rwibicuruzwa

Ihame ryakazi rya magnesi zihoraho ziroroshye, kandi igihombo cya moteri kiragabanuka cyane. Muri rusange, moteri ya electromagnetiki gakondo igomba kwishingikiriza kumashanyarazi yo hanze kugirango itange ingufu za electromotive kuri generator, zitange ingufu zambere, hanyuma zishingikirize kumashanyarazi yazo kugirango akore. Ihame ryakazi rya moteri ihoraho ya moteri iroroshye cyane, kandi umurima wa magneti ukeneye gusa gutangwa na magnesi zihoraho.

Ugereranije na moteri gakondo, ibyiza bya moteri ihoraho ya magneti bigaragarira cyane cyane: loss gutakaza stator nkeya; ② nta gutakaza umuringa wa rotor; ③ nta gutakaza icyuma cya rotor; Umuyaga muke. Ariko, twakagombye kumenya ko ikintu cyingenzi kigizwe na moteri zihoraho ni uko ibyuma bya rukuruzi bidashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Kugirango wirinde ikibazo aho imikorere ya moteri igabanuka cyangwa ikuweho kubera demagnetisation, ubushyuhe bwakazi bwa moteri bugomba kugenzurwa neza.

Ingaruka yo kuzigama ingufu irahambaye kandi imikorere rusange iratera imbere. Hasi, dukora isesengura ryihariye ryimikorere dutandukanya ubwoko bwa moteri nibikoresho fatizo bya moteri:

1) Kubijyanye n'ubwoko bwa moteri

twahisemo moteri ihoraho ya moteri yo kugereranya kugirango tugereranye nizindi moteri gakondo, murizo zahinduye moteri yo kwanga, moteri ya moteri idahwitse, hamwe na moteri ihoraho ya moteri byose ni moteri imwe. Ufatanije n'ibipimo, kubera ko moteri ya magneti ihoraho idasaba guswera hamwe ningendo zishimishije, zifite imikorere nubucucike bwimbaraga kuruta moteri gakondo. Kubijyanye nubushobozi burenze urugero, usibye moteri ya DC, iri hasi cyane, ubundi bwoko ntabwo butandukanye cyane. Imikorere nimbaraga za moteri zihoraho za moteri nizo zigaragara cyane, hamwe na 85-97%. Nubwo moteri nto zishobora kugera hejuru ya 80%, moteri ya magneti ihoraho ifite ibyiza bigaragara ugereranije na 40-60% ya moteri idahwitse. Kubijyanye ningufu zingufu, irashobora kugera kuri 0.95, byerekana ko igipimo cyibintu bigezweho bigizwe na moteri ihoraho ya moteri ihoraho muri rusange iruta iyindi moko, kandi igipimo cyo gukoresha ingufu kiri hejuru.

2)Ukurikije ibikoresho fatizo bya moteri

Ukurikije imbaraga za rukuruzi niterambere ryiterambere ryibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho bikoreshwa muri moteri, moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: ibyuma, ferrite, nisi idasanzwe. Muri byo, ferrite hamwe nisi idasanzwe moteri ihoraho ya moteri ikoreshwa cyane.

Ugereranije na moteri gakondo, isi idasanzwe ya magnet moteri ihoraho ifite imiterere yoroshye nigipimo cyo kunanirwa. Gukoresha isi idasanzwe ya magneti ihoraho irashobora kongera icyuho cyumuyaga wa magnetiki, kongera umuvuduko wa moteri kugeza nziza, no kunoza igipimo cyuburemere. Umwanya wo gusaba ni mugari. Gusa ibibi bya moteri ihoraho ya magneti nigiciro cyinshi. Dufashe igiciro cyisi idasanzwe ya moteri ya magneti ihoraho nkurugero, mubisanzwe irikubye inshuro zirenga 2,5 ugereranije na moteri gakondo.

1.1.2 Uruhande rwa politiki

Politiki nayo igira uruhare runini mugutezimbere iterambere rya moteri zihoraho.

1) Inganda zihoraho zihoraho zirimo gutera imbere byihuse biterwa na politiki.

Nkibikoresho fatizo bya moteri ihoraho ya moteri, iterambere ryikoranabuhanga no gukundwa na magnesi zihoraho bigira uruhare runini mugutezimbere moteri ihoraho. Mu myaka yashize, guverinoma yafashe ingamba zifatika mu rwego rwo gushyigikira inganda, gushimangira politiki no gushyiraho uburyo busanzwe kugira ngo iteze imbere ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bya rukuruzi bihoraho kandi biteze imbere iterambere no kwagura moteri zihoraho.

2) Guteza imbere ubushobozi bwo gukura hasabwa kubungabunga ingufu no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya.

Kubera ko Ubushinwa bugenda bushimangira kubungabunga ingufu no kurengera ibidukikije, iterambere ryiza rya moteri zihoraho zikoresha amahirwe yo gukura. Kuva hashyirwaho ibipimo bishya by’igihugu mu 2020, Ubushinwa ntibukibyaza moteri munsi y’urwego mpuzamahanga IE3, kandi buhatirwa gukoresha ibicuruzwa byiza. Byongeye kandi, “Gahunda yo Gutezimbere Ingufu Z’ingufu” yasohotse mu 2021 na 2022 yasabye ko mu 2023, umusaruro ngarukamwaka wa moteri izigama ingufu nyinshi zizaba miliyoni 170 kilowat, hamwe n’ikigereranyo cya moteri ikiza ingufu nyinshi muri serivisi bizarenga 20%; muri 2025, igipimo cya moteri nshya yo hejuru ikoresha ingufu zizigama ingufu zizarenga 70%. Kubara ku kigereranyo cya kilowatt-1: kilo 0.33, bihwanye no kuzigama toni miliyoni 15 z'amakara asanzwe no kugabanya imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone toni miliyoni 28 ku mwaka, bikaba biteganijwe ko moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho mu gihe cyo gukura byihuse .

2.Gusesengura Urunigi ruhoraho rwa moteri

Urebye hejuru yuruhererekane rwinganda zose, tuzasanga ibikoresho byingenzi bikenerwa mugukora moteri ya magneti ihoraho harimo ibikoresho bya magneti bitandukanye (nka neodymium fer boron magnet, ferrites zihoraho, samarium cobalt, aluminium nikel cobalt, nibindi ) Kumurongo wogukora inganda zihoraho za moteri, ni mubice bitandukanye byanyuma bikoreshwa, harimo ingufu zumuyaga, ibinyabiziga bishya byingufu, ikirere, inganda z’imyenda, gutunganya amazi, nibindi. Hamwe nogukomeza kuzamura inganda zikora ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, kwiyongera mubisabwa mu isoko rya porogaramu isabwa gutezimbere kurushaho guteza imbere umusaruro munini wa moteri ihoraho.

2.1 Hejuru: Ibikoresho byiza bya magnetiki bifite ireme bigira uruhare mubiciro, bingana na 25%

Ibikoresho bingana na kimwe cya kabiri cyikiguzi cyose, muri byo ibikoresho bya magneti bigira uruhare runini mugukora moteri. Ibikoresho byo hejuru bya moteri ya moteri ihoraho cyane cyane birimo ibikoresho bya magneti (nka magnetiki ya neodymium fer boron, ferrites ihoraho, samarium cobalt, aluminium nikel cobalt, nibindi), amabati ya silikoni, umuringa, ibyuma, aluminium, nibindi bikoresho bya rukuruzi, Amabati ya silicon hamwe numuringa nigice cyingenzi cyibiciro fatizo, bingana na 50% yikiguzi. Nubwo ukurikije imiterere yikiguzi cya moteri gakondo, ibiciro byambere byo kugura, kwishyiriraho no gufata neza moteri bingana na 2,70% yubuzima bwose bwa moteri, bitewe nibintu nkibiciro byibicuruzwa, irushanwa no gukundwa kw isoko, abakora ibinyabiziga witondere cyane ibikoresho fatizo.

1) Ibikoresho bya rukuruzi:Ntibisanzwe isi ya magneti ifite ibintu byiza bya magnetique kandi birakwiriye cyane kubikorwa-byo hejuru kandi bifite imbaraga nyinshi. NdFeB na magneti ya cobalt nibyingenzi bidasanzwe isi ikoreshwa mubikoresho bya magneti bihoraho. Bitewe n'ubutaka bukabije bw'Ubushinwa, umusaruro wa NdFeB ugera kuri 90% by'isi yose. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2008, Ubushinwa buhoraho bwa moteri ya magneti bwazamutse vuba, buhoro buhoro buza kuba igihugu kinini ku isi, kandi icyifuzo cy’ibikoresho fatizo bya NdFeB cyikubye kabiri hagati ya 2008 na 2020. Kubera umwihariko w’ubutaka budasanzwe, umusaruro no gutunganya NdFeB birasa bigoye, bityo igiciro cya moteri ihoraho ya magneti irenze iy'imodoka gakondo. Ibikoresho bya magneti mubisanzwe bingana na 30% yikiguzi cyose.

2) Urupapuro rw'icyuma cya Silicon:Ahanini ikoreshwa mugukora igice cyibanze cya moteri ihoraho. Bitewe nuburyo bugoye bwo gutegura, igiciro cyacyo ni kinini. Urupapuro rw'icyuma rwa Silicon rufite hafi 20% yikiguzi cyose.

3) Umuringa:Ahanini ikoreshwa nkibikoresho bya moteri ya moteri ihoraho, bingana na 15% yikiguzi cyose.

4) Icyuma:Ahanini ikoreshwa mugukora imiterere nigikonoshwa cya moteri ihoraho ya magneti, bingana na 10% yikiguzi cyose.

5) Aluminium:Ahanini ikoreshwa mugukora ubushyuhe, gutwikira impera nibindi bikoresho byo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe.

6) Gukora ibikoresho nigiciro cyibikoresho:bingana na 15% yikiguzi cyose.

2.2 Hasi: Imirima myinshi irimo kwitegura gushyiramo ingufu, kandi imbaraga nini muruganda zitegereje gukoreshwa

Moteri zihoraho za moteri zikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye ndetse no mubikorwa byinshi. Kugeza ubu, moteri ya magneti ihoraho yinjiye neza mumodoka, ibikoresho byo murugo, gukoresha inganda nizindi nganda, bigira uruhare runini muguhanga udushya no kwagura isoko. Byongeye kandi, ukurikije akamaro kayo mu iterambere ry’ubukungu, inganda nka peteroli, peteroli na gaze, metallurgie, n’amashanyarazi nazo zatangiye gukoresha buhoro buhoro moteri ya rukuruzi. Mu bihe biri imbere, nkuko inganda zigenda zibanda cyane ku bwenge, mu gukoresha, no kubungabunga ingufu, ikoreshwa rya moteri zihoraho za moteri mu bice bitandukanye byo hepfo bizagira imbaraga nini kandi bikomeze gukomeza umuvuduko witerambere.

3. Isesengura rihoraho rya moteri ya moteri

3.1 Kubijyanye no gutanga no gukenerwa

Bitewe niterambere ryingufu nshya, ibyifuzo biriyongera vuba. Ubushinwa budasanzwe budasanzwe bwo gukora moteri zikoresha moteri zikwirakwizwa cyane mubushinwa bwi Burasirazuba no mu Bushinwa bw’Amajyepfo, bukungahaye ku butaka budasanzwe kandi bufite umusingi ukomeye mu nganda. Hano harakenewe cyane moteri ya magneti ihoraho, ifasha gushiraho urwego rwuzuye rwinganda. Kuva mu 2015 kugeza mu 2021, Ubushinwa budasanzwe budasanzwe bwa moteri ya magneti bwiyongereye buva kuri miliyoni 768 bugera kuri miliyari 1.525, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka bwa 12.11%, burenga cyane umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bwa mikorobe (moteri ifite diameter iri munsi ya 160mm cyangwa imbaraga zapimwe ziri munsi ya 750mW) ya 3,94%.

Bitewe niterambere ryihuse ryumurima mushya w'ingufu, icyifuzo cya moteri zihoraho za magneti mumirima yo hepfo nkumuyaga wumuyaga nibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byiyongereye vuba mumyaka yashize. Mu 2021 na 2022, Ubushinwa bukenera moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho ku isi bizaba bingana na miliyari 1.193 na miliyari 1.283, buri mwaka bikiyongera 7.54%.

3.2 Ibyerekeye Ingano y'Isoko

Isoko rihoraho rya moteri yubushinwa ryerekana umuvuduko mwinshi witerambere, kandi kuzamura imirima yo hepfo byashishikarije isoko isoko. Mu myaka mike ishize, isoko rya moteri ihoraho ku isi ryakomeje kwiyongera kandi ryerekana iterambere ryiza. Mu 2022, ingano y’isoko yageze kuri miliyari 48.58 US $, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 7.96%. Biteganijwe ko mu 2027, isoko ry’imoteri rihoraho ku isi rizagera kuri miliyari 71.22 z’amadolari y’Amerika, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka bwa 7.95%. Iyobowe nimirima yo hepfo nkibinyabiziga bishya byingufu, ibyuma bihindura umuyaga uhindagurika, hamwe nimbaraga zumuyaga, isoko ryimoteri ihoraho mubushinwa irerekana iterambere ryihuse. Kugeza ubu, ibicuruzwa bifite ingufu zingana na 25-100KW byiganje ku isoko.

Isoko rikomeje kwiyongera, kandi Ubushinwa buyobora iterambere ryinganda. Hamwe nogutezimbere imikorere ya magneti ihoraho hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya moteri, isoko ryimoteri ihoraho kwisi yose izakomeza kwiyongera. Ubushinwa buzakomeza kugumana ubuyobozi bw’isoko. Mu bihe biri imbere, guhuza uruzi rwa Delta rwa Yangtze, iterambere ry’akarere k’iburengerazuba, kuzamura ibicuruzwa, no guteza imbere politiki bizatanga imbaraga zikomeye zo gukoresha mu buryo bunini ikoreshwa rya moteri zihoraho ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa.

4.Isiganwa ryisi yose Imiterere ya moteri ihoraho

Mu iterambere rya moteri zihoraho za magneti ku isi, Ubushinwa, Ubudage nu Buyapani babaye abayobozi mumashanyarazi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, yuzuye kandi agezweho kandi afite udushya twinshi hamwe nuburambe bwimyaka myinshi yo gukora hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryingenzi.

Ubushinwa bwabaye ishingiro ry’inganda zikoresha moteri zihoraho ku isi, kandi guhangana kwayo biriyongera.

Ku bijyanye n'imiterere y'akarere, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan na Anhui byabaye ishingiro ry'inganda zikoresha moteri zihoraho mu Bushinwa, zifite umugabane munini ku isoko.

Mu bihe biri imbere, inganda zikoresha moteri zihoraho ku isi zizatangiza amarushanwa akomeye, kandi Ubushinwa, nk'isoko rikomeye kandi rishobora kuba ku isi, rizagira uruhare runini muri iki gikorwa.

5.Iriburiro rya Anhui Mingteng Moteri ihoraho

Anhui Mingteng Imashini zihoraho-Magnetique & ibikoresho byamashanyarazi Co, Ltd. (https://www.mingtengmotor.com/) yashinzwe ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2007 ifite imari shingiro ya miliyoni 144. Iherereye muri Shuangfeng Iterambere ry’Ubukungu, Umujyi wa Hefei, Intara ya Anhui. Nibigo bigezweho byubuhanga buhanitse bihuza moteri ihoraho yubushakashatsi niterambere, gukora, kugurisha na serivisi.

Isosiyete yamye yibanze kubushakashatsi nibicuruzwa. Ifite imashini ihoraho ya moteri yubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’abantu barenga 40 kandi yashyizeho umubano w’igihe kirekire na za kaminuza, ibigo by’ubushakashatsi n’ibigo binini bya Leta. Itsinda R&D ryifashisha inyigisho zigezweho za moteri nubuhanga bugezweho bwo gushushanya ibinyabiziga. Nyuma yimyaka irenga icumi yo kwegeranya tekiniki, yateje imbere ibintu bigera ku 2000 byerekana moteri zihoraho nka moteri isanzwe, ihindagurika ryinshi, irinda-iturika, ihindagurika ryinshi-ridashobora guturika, ibinyabiziga bitaziguye, hamwe n’ibisasu biturika bitaziguye. Yumva neza tekiniki zisabwa mubikoresho bitandukanye byo gutwara ibinyabiziga mu nganda zitandukanye kandi imaze kumenya umubare munini wibishushanyo mbonera, gukora, kugerageza, no gukoresha amakuru.

Moteri ya Mingteng nini kandi ntoya ya moteri ihoraho yakoreshejwe neza mumitwaro myinshi nk'abafana, pompe y'amazi, imiyoboro y'umukandara, urusyo rw'umupira, imvange, igikonjo, ibisakuzo, pompe y'amavuta, imashini zizunguruka, n'ibindi mubice bitandukanye nko gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, ibyuma , n'amashanyarazi, kugera ku ngaruka nziza zo kuzigama no kumenyekana cyane.

Mingteng yamye ashimangira guhanga udushya, yubahiriza politiki yisosiyete y "ibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwa mbere, imiyoborere yo mu rwego rwa mbere, serivisi zo mu cyiciro cya mbere, hamwe n’ibirango byo mu rwego rwa mbere", ikanashiraho ubwenge bwa buri gihe bwa moteri ya moteri ikoresha ingufu zizigama ibisubizo rusange ku bakoresha. , kubaka moteri ihoraho ya moteri ya R&D hamwe nitsinda rishya ryo guhanga udushya hamwe n’abashinwa, no guharanira kuba umuyobozi n’umushinga usanzwe mu Bushinwa budasanzwe ku isi inganda zikoresha moteri.

Uburenganzira: Iyi ngingo ni ugusubiramo umurongo wambere:

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